![]() So far, several researchers reported the synthesis of nanoparticles using seaweeds and their biological applications. Seaweeds are macrophytic marine algae that produce a great variety of secondary metabolites having broad spectrum of biological activities. ![]() There are several methods to synthesize the nanoparticles, but the greener method is more advantageous as it is cost effective, energy efficient, and does not involve the use of more chemicals, thus is an ecofriendly and reliable method. Earlier reports demonstrated that ZnO, CuO, and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) coated on solid surfaces inhibit the biofilm formation and particularly Ag NPs act as potential antimicrobial agents against different microorganisms. Silver, copper, zinc, and magnesium fluoride nanoparticles were having good antimicrobial properties and also reduced the cell adhesion and destabilized the biofilm matrix. Ĭomparing the above antifoulers, “nano materials” are efficient in inhibiting the bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation due to their effective antimicrobial property and large specific surface area, which is inversely proportional to their particle size. A wide variety of marine natural products from seagrasses, seaweeds, mangroves, coral reefs, and their associated organisms proved to be an excellent source of bioactive compounds and a wide range of secondary metabolites, many of which exhibited a broad spectrum of antifouling activity against marine biofilm forming microbes, algal spore adherence, mussel (phenoloxidase activity), and barnacles to artificial substratum. Īpplication of antifouling compounds from natural sources is considered as one of the best replacement options for the most successful antifouling processes. The TBT contributes to the development of antimicrobial tolerance and imposex or pseudohermaphroditism in marine invertebrates. In addition, the commercially available antifouling paints such as tributyltin (TBT) and copper sulphate are highly toxic to the nontarget aquatic organisms. Numerous antibiofouling measures such as mechanical, chemical, and biological methods are in practice but their effects on the biofouling are not remarkable. Thus, the economic loss is stupendous in preventing and removing the fouling organism. It possesses serious problems, such as corrosion, weight increase, surface alteration and distortion of the submerged structures, and speed reduction and increased fuel consumption up to 40%, which also contributes to additional CO 2 emissions. These biofouling processes affect marine installations such as ship's hull, oil rigs, mariculture cages, underwater pipelines, heat exchangers, and seawater intake systems. The biofilm formation further favours the attachment of other macrofoulers. It depends upon an interaction between the bacterial cells, surface attachment, and surrounding medium. Biofouling is a sequence of processes initialized by the attachment of microbes to a solid support by producing extracellular polymeric substances and thus promoting the development of a biofilm matrix. Natural and artificial substrata immersed in the aquatic environment are quickly colonized by micro- and macroorganisms this phenomenon is known as “Biofouling”. Thus the present study proved the efficiency of Ag NPs as a potent antimicrofouling agent and became the future perspective for the possible usage in the biofouling related issues in the aquaculture installations and other marine systems. The Artemia cytotoxicity assay recorded the LC 50 value of 88.914 ± 5.04 µL mL −1. The CLSM images clearly showed the weak adherence and disintegrating biofilm formation of marine biofilm bacterial strains treated with Ag NPs. The macrotube dilution method inferred the MIC (20–40 µL mL −1) and MBC (40–60 µL mL −1) of Ag NPs. coli (17.6 ± 0.42 mm), followed by Salmonella sp., S. The maximum zone of inhibition was recorded against E. The synthesized Ag NPs are efficient in controlling the bacterial biofilm formation however, Au NPs did not show any remarkable antibiofilm activity. ![]() Spherical and triangular nanostructures of the Ag and Au nanoparticles were observed between the size ranges of 2–17 nm and 2–19 nm, respectively. Further, the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and HRTEM analysis. The UV-Vis spectra showed the characteristics SPR absorption band for Ag NPs at 421 and for Au NPs at 538 nm. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of the seaweed Turbinaria conoides and their antibiofilm activity against marine biofilm forming bacteria is reported here.
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